The present article deals with the Morphological causative verb by adding Present Causer Morpheme -ǣːn- to the present stem of verb in Kurdish, Tati, Taleshi Zazaki, Awroman and Baluchi Dialects. Historically, in Middle Iranian period this suffix used in Causative verb Construction. In this article we show that Causer suffix -ǣːn- (OIr. *aja-na-) which Composes Causative present stem as Morpheme by adding to Present stem in middle western Iranian has been survived in Kurdish and Baluchi Dialects as -ǣːn- and compose Causative present stem by adding to the present stem of intransitive verb. The research data in this article has been gathered by interviews with mentioned dialects native Informants. Moreover, the author is the Informant of one of the dialects and also some written sources have been used. At first data extracted from written sources and dialogues of Informants and then analyzed. In this article the origin of the Causer affix -ǣːn- in the studied dialects was determined, and also it was found that the old Causer affix -ǣːn- has been survived in Kurdish and Baluchi Dialects.

The Author of this article believes that the third singular personal ending has probably been the cause for the emergence of past tense affix in Iranian infinitives and verbs. This article deals with the varieties of third singular personal ending and past tense affix.    

Being the litigant of the insurer together with the responsible for the accident is legally and economically justifiable for the injured party, but explaining the responsibility of multiple defendants to pay a single debt is one of the problems of the judge in issuing a verdict; In such a way that in some cases the subject of litigation to one of the defendants is silenced or the litigation is completely rejected. The purpose of this study is to explain the position of the insurer and the person who caused the accident in the lawsuit with descriptive and analytical methods, in addition to recognizing the need to decide on each of them, to explain their responsibility in the sentence and to provide logical theories for compensation. The inference of the independent or collective liability of the insured and the insurer is based on various reasons. Sharing liability between the insured and the insurer has no logical or legal basis, and the liability of the insurer's collateral does not serve the purpose of better compensating the injured party. The court’s waiting for invoking the injured party to the insurance contract also does not solve the problem of explaining the liability of multiple defendants, and differences in the type and amount of liability remain. Recognition of joint and several liability of the insured and the insurer in the Compulsory Insurance Law adopted in 2016 is compatible with the aim of better guaranteeing the injured party, and some law bases and legal justifications justify the need for the theory of joint and several liability of the insurer and person who caused the accident.

Some evidence from Persian supports the existence of constituents that show properties of affixoids or what might be referred to as semi-affixes. These constitutes can stand independently but, in combination with certain nouns, show a rather notable distribution and, in that context, behave like a derivational affix. In such contexts, there is a semantic change in the derived form when an affixoid is added to a base. Regarding the frequency of affixoids in Persian, it is observed that their usage is also very frequent in sentences and phrases as independent words. There are several affixoids attested in Persian but only a few will be discussed here as representative examples. It can be argued that affixoids hold an independent status in linguistic literature as a semi-category. In this paper, some affixoids from Persian will be discussed as they might be prefixoids or suffixoids. All examples are from spoken and written Persian.

AbstractAbiotic stresses severely impose growth and yield in many plant species. In this experiment the leaf stomata and some metabolites response to cold, heat, drought, salinity and ultraviolet stresses have investigated in a completely randomized design in the growth chamber and greenhouse condition. Research results indicate a different response of Chinese rose to different stresses condition wherein the level and duration of stress has clearly changed compared to the control. Decreased leaf chlorophyll content and increased carotenoids are evident in almost all the stresses condition. Leaf stomata density has increased at all stresses condition except UV stress, while stomata aperture response varied according to stress intensity and exposure time. The activity of enzymes effective in scavenging ROS increased with stress intensity in almost all stresses, but due to the type of stress, the activity of the enzyme was specialized, so that in some stresses catalase and in others peroxidase were more active, suggesting the specific activity of antioxidant enzymes in dealing with a specific type of abiotic stress. Overall, understanding the connection between leaf stomata and key biochemical to some extent can lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of resistance to abiotic stress in roses.Key words: Salt stress, Cold stress, Drought stress, Heat Stress, UV stress

According to the widespread rules of everyday life, every event occurs based on the human and material causes and effects. But most of these material mediators ignored in Sufism, because of different viewpoints upon the universe, So some of these effects and events attributes directly toward the God or causer of all causes whom standing powerfully beyond the all events of the universe.There are a lot of miracles in the Sufism books and writings which rooted in these view points. By removing the material mediators from all the causes and effects relations upon investigated as a miracles.

This research examines derivational and inflectional processes in Pashto within the framework of “Lexical Morphology and Phonology” (Kiparsky, 1982). In this article, 131 Pashto affixes, comprising 40 inflectional and 91 derivational affixes, were categorized into two neutral and non-neutral categories based on their interaction with the base they are attached to. The findings of this study reveal that a majority of Pashto affixes, whether auto-stressed or connected to the base, result in alterations to the base. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the efficacy of Kiparsky's (1982) approach, originally devised to analyze the structure of English affixes, in analyzing neutral and non-neutral affixes in the Pashto language. According to the study, most of the Pashto affixes are non-neutrals, which are located in the first layer. It is worth mentioning that the number of neutral affixes is less than the non-neutral ones, although they are widely used in the language. Moreover, as the Lexical Morphology Hypotheses assumes, neutral and non-neutral affixes are organized based on the Level Ordering Hypothesis.

In any language, roots and verb affixes constitute the most basic and important components of a language. The root is an element included in all the words of a lexical family and carries the basic meaning of those lexical items. A verb affix is an element added to the root to form a new meaning.In many new Iranian dialects, verb affixes have been left almost unnoticed, and it will be possible, by the act of deriving roots, to clear up most of their structural and semantic ambiguities. Unlike the root, verb affixes can be easily identified and described. In many dialects, verb affixes act as the base of verb formation and are often derived from a limited number of roots. Tâti, Tâleshi, and Gilaki dialects belong to North-western Iranian languages currently spoken along the coast of Caspian Sea. These dialects which enjoy many old linguistic elements have not been duly studied from a linguistic perspective. In the present paper, firstly the verb roots and affixes of Gilaki, Tâleshi and Tâti, as well as the way of their formation, are taken into consideration, then their relevant similarities and differences are investigated.

This article describes Inflection in Persian. It is claimed that inflection in Persian has not received enough attention, maybe because typologically, modern Persian is not an inflectional language. In this article, after introducing the topic, and presenting some of the important analyses of western linguists, and some of the studies conducted by Persian researchers, Persian int1ectional features are introduced and classified, using a continuum model. The article emphasizes that analyzing and explaining Persian data with the total reliance on the models and theories of western linguists may lead to unsatisfactory results.

According to causal hypothesis, the main factor in argument realization is causal relationship between participants. Based on this hypothesis, alternations can be accounted for, by difference in verbal profiles. In causative alternations, the difference between two constructions is due to the initial point of verbal profile: In causative variant, causer is located at the initial point but in anticausative variant, it is occupied with cause, because anticausative variant describes a situation in which the focus is on the change of causee. The manual study of 3602 data taken from Hamshahri Corpus II survey revealed that focusing on the change of causee is related to topicality. Causee which appears as subject is more topical than causer. data analysis, also revealed that in causative constructions, the topicality of causer and consequently focusing on the causality of it, induce causer to reveal as subject.